when do tomatoes produce flowers

There are lots of factors that determine the time until a tomato plant produces fruit. For example, the seed germination time depends on soil temperature, and time to fruit maturity depends on the tomato variety. So, how long does it take for a tomato plant to bear fruit? A tomato plant can take 113 to 156 days to grow from seed to ripe fruit. Germination takes 7 to 10 days under ideal conditions. Seedling growth takes 57 to 60 days until transplant. Flowers usually form within 21 days after transplant. Mature fruit will be ready for harvest 49 to 64 days after the flowers appear. Of course, you might need to start seeds indoors and choose fast-maturing tomato varieties if you live in a cold area with a short growing season. Remember that the time to maturity (days to maturity) listed on a seed packet is telling you the time from transplant to mature fruit (not from seed to mature fruit!) In this article, we’ll talk about how long it takes for a tomato to grow from seed. We’ll look at each of the 4 phases of growth and how long you can expect each one to take. Let’s get started. How Long Does It Take For A Tomato Plant To Bear Fruit? When starting your own plants, it will take 113 to 156 days for tomatoes to grow from seed to mature fruit. Tomato plants can take 113 to 156 days from seed to mature fruit. This timeline is broken down into 4 phases: Seed Germination (from planting a seed to seeing it sprout) – 6 to 11 days (1 to 1.5 weeks) under ideal conditions.Seedling Growth (from germination to transplanting outdoors) – 57 to 60 days (8 to 8.5 weeks)Flower Development (from transplant to flower appearance) – 0 to 21 days (0 to 3 weeks)Fruit Development (from flower appearance to ripe fruit) – 49 to 64 days (7 to 9 weeks) The table below gives you an idea of how long each of the 4 phases of tomato germination takes: GrowthPhaseTime(days)SeedGermination6 to 11SeedlingGrowth57 to 60Transplantto Flower0 to 21Flower toMatureFruit49 to 64Total112 to 156This table shows the time for each phase of tomato plant development. There is a good visual that shows the stages of tomato plant development on Research Gate. Remember that these times can vary widely, due to various factors such as: Soil temperature during germination (cooler soil means longer time to seed germination)Soil and air temperature during seedling growth (cool temperatures can slow or stunt growth)Presence of pollinators (a lack of bees can delay flower fertilization) A lack of bees can delay pollination of tomato flowers. You can learn more about the lowest temperature that tomato plant can tolerate (at various stages) in my article here. There is a PDF graphic of temperature ranges for tomato plants on this page. It’s time to take a closer look at each of the 4 phases of tomato development from planted seed to mature fruit. Let’s start at the beginning with seed germination. How Long Does It Take Tomato Seeds To Germinate? (Phase 1: Tomato Seed Germination) Tomato seeds will take 6 to 11 days to germinate under ideal conditions. But what exactly does “ideal conditions” mean in terms of soil moisture and temperature? Tomato seed germination takes 6 to 11 days under ideal conditions. Ideal Soil Moisture For Tomato Seed Germination Ideal soil moisture simply means that the soil stays wet, but not soggy or soaked. If the soil dries out, the seeds might succumb to drought before they germinate. A great way to keep the soil wet for seed germination is to use a spray bottle. This method makes it difficult to over water. A spray bottle is a good way to keep soil wet enough for seed germination without over watering. A humidity dome is another way to maintain moisture levels to help seeds germinate. You can learn more about humidity domes in my article here. Ideal Soil Temperature For Tomato Seed Germination The ideal soil temperature for tomato seed germination is 65 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit (18 to 29 degrees Celsius). According to the University of California, tomato seeds can germinate in as little as 6 days when soil temperatures are 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 to 30 degrees Celsius). On the other hand, tomato seeds can take up to 43 days (6 weeks!) to germinate at a soil temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius). Below this temperature, tomato seeds won’t germinate. A soil temperature above 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) will also prevent tomato seeds from germinating. Of course, the time to seed germination can vary a bit depending on the tomato variety. Tomato seeds will not germinate if the soil is too cold or too hot. Remember that tomato seeds that are more than 3 years old will see a decline in germination rate. You can learn more about tomato seed germination in my article here. How Long Before Transplanting Tomato Seedlings? (Phase 2: Tomato Seedling Growth) After seed germination, tomato seedlings will need 57 to 60 days (8 to 8.5 weeks) to grow into plants that are ready to move outdoors. When you transplant tomatoes into the garden, all risk of frost should be long past. Wait until all danger of frost has passed before transplanting tomatoes. According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, the time from planting seeds to transplanting outdoors is 64 to 70 days (9 to 10 weeks). Since it takes 7 to 10 days for tomato seeds to germinate, that gives us the figure of 57 to 60 days for seedling growth. This means that tomato seeds should be started indoors 42 to 57 days (6 to 8 weeks) before the last spring frost date. They should be transplanted outdoors 7 to 21 days (1 to 3 weeks) after the last spring frost date. You can find your last spring frost date on this page from the Old Farmer’s Almanac. The last spring frost date in your area will help you figure out when to start seeds and when to transplant. Let’s go through an example. In Boston, Massachusetts, the last spring frost date is April 10. Working backwards from April 10 on the calendar, we find that we should start tomato seeds indoors between February 12 and February 27 in Boston, MA (42 to 57 days before April 10, the last spring frost date.) Working forwards from April 10 on the calendar, we find that we should transplant tomatoes outside between April 17 and May 1 (7 to 21 days after April 10, the last spring frost date). When Do Tomatoes Produce Flowers? (Phase 3: Tomato Flower Development) Tomato plants can produce fruit from 0 to 21 days after transplant. I say 0 days at the low end because it is possible to see flowers forming on tomato plants before they are transplanted outside! Tomato plants usually develop flowers with in a few weeks after transplant. On the high end, it can take 21 days after transplant to start seeing flowers on a tomato plant. Be sure to mark your calendar with your transplant date – if you don’t see flowers after a few weeks, it might be time to troubleshoot. According to the University of Maryland Extension, there are a few possible reasons for poor flower production on tomato plants: Soil that is too wet or too dryExtreme temperatures (too hot or too cold)Lack of sunlight (shade from trees or buildings)Excessive nitrogen (encourages green growth, but no flowers) How Long After Tomatoes Flower Do They Produce Fruit? (Phase 4: Tomato Fruit Development) After successful pollination, tomato plants can produce fruit 28 to 85 days after flowering. It really depends on the variety. Some of the fastest-maturing tomato varieties, such as 4th of July, can produce fruit as soon as 28 days after flowering (49 days after transplant). On the other hand, some varieties take a lot longer to produce fruit. For example, Marnouar tomatoes can take 64 to 85 days after flowering to produce fruit (85 days after transplant). Some tomato plants take up to 85 days after flowers appear to produce mature fruit. After initial fruit production, tomato plants can continue to bear fruit for weeks or months – right up until the first fall frost. You might be able to get a little more out of them in a greenhouse or with proper cold protection (such as row covers). You can learn more about how to protect tomato plants from cold and frost in my article here. Why Does My Tomato Plant Flower But No Fruit? There are a few different reasons that a tomato plant will flower without producing fruit: Lack of pollination (this can happen with extreme temperatures or humidity)Improper watering (too much or too little)Lack of sunlightNutrient deficienciesPestsDiseases Lack of pollination will occur if it is too cold for bees to work. Bees will work in temperatures as cold as 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), but will slow down or stop if it is colder. Bees will not do their work of pollination if the air is too cold. If the air is too humid and sticky, it can prevent the male part of the flower from releasing its pollen. If the air is too dry, the pollen might not stick to the female part of the flower. Improper watering, lack of sunlight, nutrient deficiencies, pests, and diseases can all cause stress to tomato plants. This stress can prevent them from producing flowers or fruit, and it can even cause them to drop existing flowers or fruit. You can learn more about why tomato plants produce flowers but no fruit (and what to do about it) in my article here. Why Are My Tomatoes Not Ripening? Sometimes, tomatoes will form and stay green or light red, but will not ripen fully. This is often due to extreme temperatures. Temperatures above 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29 degrees Celsius) or below 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius) will prevent tomatoes from ripening. You can learn more about why tomatoes fail to ripen in my article here. Extreme temperatures are also a common cause of slow ripening in tomato plants. However, intense sunlight can also cause tomato fruit to overheat, leading to green or yellow “shoulders” (tops) on the fruit. This tomato has green shoulders due to a lack of ripening on top (often caused by intense sunlight). You can learn more about why tomatoes ripen slowly in my article here. Conclusion Now you know how long it takes for a tomato plant to bear fruit. The tomato variety plays a huge role, as do soil temperature, air temperature, and pollinator activity. You might like to read my article on when to pick tomatoes (to optimize for ripeness). I hope you found this article helpful. If so, please share it with someone who can use the information. If you want to read some of my most popular posts, check out the “Best of GreenUpSide” page here. Enjoy! ~Jonathon