raspberry runners – greenupside

If you are new to planting raspberries, you are probably wondering if they can spread, and if so, how far and how fast. Knowing what to expect from raspberries will help you to plan ahead for your garden. So, do raspberry bushes spread? Raspberry bushes spread out far and wide, and they do so rapidly. Raspberries spread in 3 ways: by seed from the berries themselves, by canes touching the ground to form new roots, and by underground lateral roots (runners or stolons). In ideal conditions, raspberries will spread to take over a large area, and may even be considered invasive. Of course, if you don’t want your raspberries to spread, there are ways to stop it from happening. Proper maintenance will go a long way in keeping raspberry plants healthy, well-pruned, and under control. In this article, we’ll explore the 3 ways that raspberries spread. We’ll also take a closer look at how you can prevent raspberry bushes from taking over the whole garden. Let’s get started. Do Raspberry Bushes Spread? Raspberry bushes do spread, and they can cover a lot of ground in a short time! Raspberries will spread even faster if you do not maintain them with proper support and pruning. Raspberry canes will spread far and wide without proper support and pruning. Growing conditions will also play a big role in how far and how fast raspberries spread. Raspberries grow best in the following conditions: Temperature: the ideal range for raspberry growth is 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (21 to 24 degrees Celsius).Watering: for best results when growing raspberries, the soil should stay moist, but not soaked.Soil: for raspberries, a somewhat acidic soil pH (between 5.5 and 6.5) is ideal, with plenty of compost for nutrients. You can learn more about ideal conditions for raspberry plants in my article here. Regardless of conditions, there are a few different ways that raspberries can spread. How Do Raspberries Spread? Raspberries spread quickly because they have 3 different ways of reproducing: By seed (contained in the the berries themselves).By touching the ground (new plants can grow from the canes where they touch soil).By underground expansion (the stolons, or lateral roots, that run along underground can send up new plants - hence the name "runners") Raspberries can spread by the seeds in their fruit, but this is just one way that they multiply! It is possible that a plant may use all 3 of these methods to spread in any given year. Even without help from people or animals, raspberries are quite skilled at spreading far and wide in a garden or in the wild. Let’s explore the ways raspberries can spread, starting with the one we are most familiar with: by seed. Raspberries Spreading By Seed When you eat raspberries, there is the soft, juicy flesh and then there are the tough, fibrous seeds. Even though they are small, the seeds have everything they need to grow into another raspberry plant. When a ripe raspberry falls off of a cane, it can grow wherever it lands. Growth is more likely if the seeds get covered by leaves and other organic matter that can decompose to provide nutrients for the new plant. When animals such as birds eat raspberries from a bush, they also help the plant to spread its seeds. Some of the seeds will pass undigested through an animal’s body. Birds can spread raspberry seeds all over the place after eating the berries. The animal waste then provides an excellent manure to give the new plants a dose of nitrogen and other nutrients for growth! According to the Cooperative Extension, raspberries do not develop true to seed. In other words, any raspberry plants that grow from seeds may not share the same characteristics as the parent plant. That could mean differences in fruit quality (flavor and yield) or other traits. However, as long as they can reproduce this way, raspberries are happy to do it! If you want to propagate raspberry plants that are similar to the parent plant, your best bet is to take suckers from canes that touch the ground or from stolons (underground roots). Let's examine these methods more closely. Raspberries Spread By Canes Touching The Ground Raspberries do not need to use their seeds to spread. They can also reproduce when their canes touch the ground. Raspberry canes need to be tied up, or else they will root where they touch the soil. According to the University of Minnesota Extension: “Although black and purple raspberries do not send up new primocanes outside the hill, they can spread. The long, vigorous canes often arch down to the soil surface, where they may take root. It's important to keep the canes controlled and supported to prevent this.”https://extension.umn.edu/fruit/growing-raspberries-home-garden#planting-and-caring-for-new-plants-697310 Basically, raspberry canes can spread rapidly when they grow wild (this could happen in your garden without proper care!) With no support and no pruning, raspberry canes will grow tall and eventually bend over towards the ground. When raspberry canes get too tall, they bend over and touch the ground, where they can root to form new plants. When this happens, they will crawl along the soil, advancing until they find a suitable spot to put down new roots. At that point, the raspberry cane will produce a “sucker” (a potential new plant). For a picture depicting a raspberry plant and sucker, check out this page from the North Carolina State University Extension. A raspberry sucker is a new plant with its own developing root system. If you wish, you can separate a sucker from the mother plant by cutting the end of the cane just above the sucker. When cutting a sucker, use a sharp, clean knife. Washing the knife with alcohol before and after cutting will prevent the spread of any diseases that may be present. After cutting the sucker away from the mother plant, you can transplant it to a new location. One good place to replant a raspberry sucker is at the end of a row of raspberries to increase your crop in later years. You could also start an entirely new row if you want. Another option is to make a gift of the new plant to family or friends who want to try growing their own raspberries. The good news is, you can support raspberry canes to prevent plants from spreading this way (more detail on this later!) The bad news is, there is still another way raspberries can spread, even if you support them: by stolons. Raspberries Spread By Stolons (Underground Roots Or Runners) Using seeds and canes to spread is impressive, but raspberries aren’t done yet. They still have one more trick up their sleeves: spreading underground by their roots (stolons, also known as runners). This is a raspberry plant’s sneakiest way of spreading, and it is also a very effective method. Even if you support and prune your raspberry canes to keep the plants neat, they can still spread underground by using their roots that run along underground (this is why they are called runners). The worst part is, you won’t see the effects of runners until new plants emerge from the soil in the spring. At that point, you could have a lot of digging and transplanting to do in order to keep your raspberry rows neat! According to the University of New Hampshire Extension: “Each spring, plants produce canes from buds on the crown and underground lateral stems.”https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource000010_Rep10.pdf This means that in addition to canes coming up from the crown (base of the plant), a raspberry plant can also send up new growth from its roots after they grow sideways to expand into new territory. However, red raspberries are the only ones in the family capable of this trick. According to the University of New Hampshire Extension: “Purple and black raspberries and blackberries only produce suckers from the base of the crown and will not fill out a hedgerow as red raspberries do.”https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/Resource000010_Rep10.pdf Red raspberries can fill out an entire row by growing up from their lateral roots underground. Don’t worry though - if you want, you can still make more black raspberries by tip layering. According to the New Mexico State University: “Because black raspberries don’t sucker as prolifically as red raspberries, they are usually propagated using a technique called “tip layering.” Tips of new black raspberry canes produced in the summer can be buried in the soil (3–5 in. deep) in the fall. Firm soil around the tips and water. Rooted tips can be severed from the mother canes (leave 4–6 in. of the original cane with the roots) the following spring and transplanted to their new locations.”https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H320/welcome.html This method is essentially "forcing" the plant to produce a new sucker by keeping a cane pressed against the soil, where it will eventually root. How Far Will Raspberries Spread? As you can see, there are lots of ways for raspberries to spread and propagate their species all over your garden. So, how far will raspberries spread in their quest for yard domination? When spreading by seed, raspberries can spread anywhere that you or any animals drop the berries (seeds). If you pick berries and toss the unpalatable ones aside, the seeds from those culled berries could grow to become new plants. If an animal eats raspberries and leaves its waste somewhere else, plants could also grow there. As you can imagine, there is the potential for raspberry plants to travel far and wide just from their seeds! Raspberry plants can spread quite far away from the initial plant in just a few short years. When growing from suckers or from the root system, raspberries will spread in a slow but steady manner each year. They will colonize soil close to the mother plant to produce new plants, and then they will continue to grow from there. In the following year, mature canes will repeat the process to continue spreading. Since raspberry plants can live for 15 years or more, there will be an overlap between many generations of plants. How Do You Keep Raspberries From Spreading? There are a few ways to keep raspberries from spreading. There isn’t much you can do about animals spreading the seeds after eating the fruit, but 3 things you can do are: Tying raspberry canes to a supportPruning raspberry canesUsing a root barrier Let’s start with support for raspberry canes. Tie Raspberry Canes To A Support When you tie raspberry canes to a support, you keep them from hanging down and touching the ground. This prevents them from producing suckers when they come in contact with the soil (as described above). There are a few different ways you can support raspberry canes, including: StakesTrellisesArbors Stakes are probably the most common method to use, so we'll start there. Stakes Using stakes is one way to support an individual raspberry plant. You can use twine to tie multiple canes to a stake as they grow taller (if you are looking for a bale of twine, you can find it online from Ace Hardware). You can use stakes made of wood, metal, or plastic, depending on what is available. You can learn more about garden stakes (and their uses) in my article here. Tie raspberry canes to stakes to keep them from touching the ground and rooting. Remember that you will need to install a stake for each plant in your row of raspberries. With a long row of plants, it will be more efficient and cost-effective to use a trellis. Trellis You can buy or make a traditional trellis (with a lattice pattern) made from metal, wood, or plastic. You can learn more about trellises (and the materials you can use to build them) in my article here. You can tie raspberries up along a traditional lattice trellis. However, buying or building a traditional trellis might not be cost effective for a long row of raspberries. Instead, you can drive stakes deep into the ground at either end of a row of raspberries. Then, run a length of wire or twine from one stake to the other, tying each end to one stake. Put a length of wire at varying heights - perhaps every foot or so. As your raspberry canes grow taller, you can use twine to tie them to the next highest length of wire. You can always move the stakes further out if you decide to transplant more raspberry bushes (from suckers or from new plants you buy) to extend your row. If the row becomes long enough, you might need one or more stakes between the two "endposts" to keep the wire or twine from sagging in the middle. Arbor An arbor is another option for supporting raspberry canes. An arbor is often used to provide shade and shelter in a garden, or to improve the appearance of a yard. Let your raspberries grow up an arbor and harvest them in the shade! You can let raspberries grow up one side of an arbor and down the other side. Then, you can pick berries in the shade as you walk underneath the arbor. You can learn more about arbors (and their uses) in my article here. Prune Raspberry Canes & Pull Up Suckers Pruning your raspberry canes will keep them healthy, and it promotes new growth. Healthier plants will lead to more fruit every season, and the plants will be easier to manage. You should cut away the old "deadwood" (canes that are older than 2 years) every spring. Doing this before supporting and tying raspberries will make your work easier (since there will be fewer thorns to avoid - you can learn about thornless raspberry varieties in my article here). You can learn more about pruning raspberries in this article from the Iowa State University Extension. Pruning raspberries will also prevent the canes from getting too long and touching the ground. This will help to prevent new suckers from forming where the canes touch the soil. Prune your raspberry canes each year to keep them neat and prevent them from getting too tall and bending over. Despite using support and keeping plants pruned, sometimes a few stray canes will find their way to the soil and produce a sucker. In that case, you will need to do the work of cutting them from the mother plant and digging them up. You can replant them at the end of the row, give them away, or just dispose of them if you don’t want them. Use A Root Barrier For Raspberry Plants Even with proper support and pruning, raspberry plants can still spread by sending up new growth from lateral roots (runners or stolons). However, you can stop them from spreading this way by using a root barrier. A root barrier is any material that stops the roots of a raspberry plant from spreading beyond than the barrier. A wooden board is one option for a root barrier to stop raspberry plants from spreading. A root barrier should be solid, without any holes for the roots to go through. It should also be thick enough to prevent roots from breaking through, and strong enough to avoid rotting. Before you install a root barrier, you will need to dig a trench along the row of raspberries. Best Root Barriers For Raspberries There are several materials you can use as a root barrier for raspberries, including: Metal – aluminum flashing is one option that is not too heavy and will last for a long time.Wood – untreated wood will eventually rot, so it won’t last as long as metal. However, you can always replace the wood and then compost or burn the leftover material.Rocks – these are free, but it might be hard to arrange them so that it is impossible for roots to get through. However, a good layer of rocks will stop most roots from getting through, or at least slow them down.Landscape fabric – this is a temporary solution, and probably won’t do much to stop roots in the long term. However, it could be a good supplement to using rocks, since you can cover up any holes between the rocks. Conclusion Now you know how raspberry plants spread (there are 3 ways, so they have lots of options!) You also know how to stop raspberry plants from spreading so you can keep them contained in one area of the garden. You might also want to read my article on whether raspberry plants can survive winter frost. I hope you found this article helpful. If so, please share it with someone who can use the information. If you want to read some of my most popular posts, check out the “Best of GreenUpSide” page here. Enjoy! ~Jonathon